Two classmates responses 125 words each with references.

One: Normative ethics addresses what kind of acts are right or wrong by examining the norms by which people make moral choices. Consequentialism and Deontology are two critical theories that are often used to apply normative ethics to healthcare decisions. Consequentialism considers the consequences of actions to identify which choice is likely to yield the most “good” and least “bad”. (Morrison and Furlong, 2019) Deontology emphasizes that individual acts are inherently right or wrong, independent of the outcome and asks what one ‘ought’ to do concerning duty or obligation. The consequentialist theory could be used to justify overriding a patient’s decision to refuse treatment if it is believed that this will result in the best overall outcome.

From the perspective of a physician who is responsible for the management and delivery of a patients’ care, they operate from the foundations of beneficence and nonmaleficence. Ultimately, the physician cannot move forward with any treatment plan at the end of the day unless the patient agrees to do so. (Welie, et al., 2014) With that being said, Kant’s ethical principle of moral autonomy refers to the capacity of rational agents to legislate for themselves – the moral law. The capacity for autonomy is the basis of the dignity of humans and of every rational being. When it comes to theories that support making a treatment decision for a patient, even when they do not want treatment, moral autonomy is one of them. Competent patients have the right to refuse medical treatment. The right to refuse medical treatment by a competent person is supported by United States laws and by the ethical principle of autonomy. This is even the case when the treatment is likely to save or prolong the patient’s life. (Radley & Payne, 2009)

Throughout this course, we will be identifying and calculating health-related data, but what does it all mean? Understanding how to interpret and apply data is a key skill for health care managers.

Evaluation Title: Interpreting Data

Navigate to the CDC website to read the lesson, Measures of Risk, Section 5: Measures of Association.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Section 5: Measures of Association (Links to an external site.)[Website].

During the reading, pay close attention to the examples provided.

1. After the reading, create a fictional data set using a table and including two variables to illustrate and calculate the attack rate and risk ratio.
2. Explain the impact of your data.
3. Utilize at least two outside resources to support your assignment submission.

Choose ONE essay question and follow the instructions below. Essay Questions: is had to be 800 words double spaced. Option One: How does disability justice affect the medical profession? Analyze and use “America Needs More Doctors With Disabilities” by Ace Ratcliff and/or “Are You My Doctor” by Cheri Blauwet to support your argument and ideas. Option Two: How does racism based in US history affect socioeconomic injustice in our present- day context? Analyze and use “What Is Owed” by Nikole Hannah-Jones to support your argument and ideas. You can also include points from the “Justice in America” podcast episode. Further instructions is posted in the pdf below