Assessment And Management Of Patients With Hypertension

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Assessment and Management of Patients With Hypertension

1. Joan Smith, 55 years of age, is a female patient who presents. To the intensive care unit with the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage. The patient stopped taking her antihypertensives suddenly because of the cost of the medications and she recently lost her job to outsourcing. The patient is slightly drowsy and complains of a headache and blurred vision. The patient’s blood pressure is 220/130 mm Hg upon presentation.

(Learning Objective 6)

  1. According to the definitions set by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7), which type of hypertensive crisis is the patient currently experiencing?
  2. Describe the treatment goals for handling the hypertensive crisis and apply the goals to the case study. Determine the current mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the goals for treatment.

The physician orders

The physician orders nicardipine hydrochloride (Cardene) 25 mg/250 mL, NS for peripheral IV starting at 2.5 mg/hr, and titrate by 2.5 mg/hr every 15 minutes to reach the goal for the first hour, which is to achieve 25% reduction of the initial MAP.

  • Call the physician if the dosing range of 15 mg/hr has been reached and the MAP is still not at target goal for the first hour of treatment, or up to four dose increases.
  • Lower the BP within 6 hours to 160/100 mm Hg.
  • Adjust the IV rate so that the IV fluids plus the nicardipine IV drip are equal to 100 mL/hr, in total. Call the physician if the IV fluids must go above 100 mL/hr to provide the nicardipine.

c. Explain what rate to set initially for both the nicardipine drip and the NS maintenance fluids.

d. Explain the process of titrating the nicardipine drip for the first hour to achieve the final MAP goal of 25% reduction of the original MAP.

community health nurse

2. The community health nurse is preparing a program about hypertension for a local community center. The focus of the program is on the reduction of risk factors and compliance for those who have been diagnosed with high blood pressure. The target population includes older adults. (Learning Objectives 1 to 4)

  1. The nurse focuses on primary hypertension because it accounts for 90% to 95% of hypertension in the United States. What risk factors does the nurse include for this population?
  2. The nurse prepares to discuss the changes in how the JNC 7 defines hypertension. What ranges and descriptions should the nurse include?
  3. Because this is a gerontologic audience, the nurse needs to review why blood pressure increases with age. Explain how the structural and functional changes of aging contribute to higher blood pressure in the older adult.
  4. What information does the nurse include about lifestyle modifications that may decrease risk of hypertension (or complications associated with diagnosed hypertension)?

Policy Analysis

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Policy Analysis

To complete this assignment follow the steps: 

Step 1: Reading and Preparation

  • Read chapter 2 of Clemons and McBeth (2020) titled the Rational Public Policy Method, and Kelly (1986).
  • Carefully read all about the case “Mini- Case: Democracy or Science? Climate Change and GMOs”. You can find this case on pages 64-65 of the textbook.
  • Read at least two of the additional readings to be used in the assignment. You can find them on the Activities and Resources page of this week’s module in the Other Resources section.

Step 2: Writing and Submitting Part 1 of the Assignment

This part is the original post you are required to submit on Canvas. This part of the assignment should be between 500-700 words.  Answer the following questions:

  1. What does this case say about the advantages, and limitations of a purely rational approach to policymaking? Does money or political influence matter more than rationality?
  2. Do you think that democracy should be used in this case by the nonprofit? If so, what plan do you suggest?
  3. Is Chris being inconsistent in terms of the views of science and democracy? Explain
  4. What is YOUR view on the role of science and democracy in analyzing (and making) public policy? Are they mutually exclusive or compatible or…?

Your answers to questions 1-3 should be supported by the textbook or your choice of the additional readings. At least 2 of the additional readings should be cited in your assignment. The last question asks for your view, feel free to provide an argument based on your opinion and/or professional experience.

 

Readings

Required Readings:

  • Clemons & McBeth. (2020) Chapter 2: The Rational Public Policy Model
  • Kelly, Rita Mae. (1986). Trends in the logic of policy inquiry: A comparison of approaches and a commentary. Policy Studies Review, Vol. 5. No. 3, pp. 520-528/ Link Here (Links to an external site.)

Optional Reading:

Other Resources

The following sources should be used in WICS 4. See assignment instructions for more information on how to use these sources.

Computer Usage And Restriction Policies

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Computer Usage And Restriction Policies

There are many good and appropriate uses for technology, but not all such uses are appropriate or helpful for an organization. In the Bible it says, “So, whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God” (1 Cor. 10:23). Computer usage policy is not meant to supersede the organization’s general policies, but rather to complement them.

Therefore, based upon this week’s topics and research, create a general computer usage policy for your corporation, keeping in mind that being able to use a computer is a privilege, not a right, and this privilege comes with personal responsibility.

  1. Additionally, create a set of recommendations for group policy settings by analyzing the implications of Christian worldview in light of human value and dignity.
  2. Your final policy should be 500-750 words in length.

ruling class

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ruling class

Paper to be written in APA format

Cover and reference pages are required

3 pages not including the reference or cover page

12-inch font, times new roman, double spaced

Do you believe that the “ruling class” (decide for yourself who these people may be) unfairly passes laws favorable to themselves and detrimental to the rest of us? If they do, what can we do about it?

United States Supreme Court Carpenter v. United States 2018

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United States Supreme Court Carpenter v. United States 2018

Run a Google search of the term, “United States Supreme Court Carpenter v. United States 2018.”

Please write an essay of not less than 500 words, summarizing the court’s decision.

 

Management of Patients With HIV Infection and AIDS

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Case Study, Chapter 37, Management of Patients With HIV Infection and AIDS

1. The nurse is planning to provide education on HIV infection transmission and prevention strategies at a local senior center. (Learning Objectives 1 and 4)

  1. What should the nurse include in the session considering the needs of the older population?

2. Sallie Jefferies, 28-year-old patient, is at the obstetric clinic for a pregnancy visit. The physician informs the patient that her HIV screen test is positive. The patient has no evidence of AIDS. The nurse provides patient education regarding what HIV is and what the clinical management entails. (Learning Objective 5)

a. What clinical management is recommended for the patient during the pregnancy to help decrease the risk of transmitting HIV to the unborn child?

  1. The patient asks the nurse how zidovudine (Retrovir) will help her unborn child from getting HIV. How should the nurse respond?
  2. What explanation about Retrovir should the nurse provide?
  3. The patient asks the nurse if it will be safe to breast-feed her infant after the delivery. The nurse should provide what explanation?
  4. The patient asks the nurse what testing schedule for the HIV antibody is needed after her baby is born. How should the nurse respond?

Public Sector Economics

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ECON 3C03 Public Sector Economics: Taxation Adam M. Lavecchia Department of Economics McMaster University February 2021 TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION Chapter 14 ©2016 by McGraw-Hill Education Limited. Outline for Lecture • Measuring the progressivity of the tax system • Tax Incidence • • • • • Statutory versus economic incidence of a tax Tax incidence in competitive markets Tax incidence in imperfectly competitive markets Tax incidence and capitalization Tax incidence in general equilibrium • Empirical Incidence Studies Background reading material: RWS Chapter 14 (ignore pages 294-298) Empirical Incidence Studies Tax Incidence with a Mobile Factor Application to European soccer players • From our theoretical analysis, we expect that mobile factors of production will be very sensitive to taxes and bear little of the tax burden • Example: high ability football/soccer players Tax Incidence with a Mobile Factor Application to European soccer players Two policy changes in Europe allowed researchers to study how taxes affect the market for top soccer players 1. 2. The 1995 Bosman ruling lifted the cap on foreign-born players on European club teams. This made it easier for foreign players to sign with teams in low tax European countries Spain’s 2004 “David Beckham rule” allowed foreign workers living in Spain to pay a lower tax rate. All else equal, this policy made Spanish teams more attractive for top European soccer players Source: Kleven, Landais and Saez (2013) Source: Kleven, Landais and Saez (2013) Source: Kleven, Landais and Saez (2013) Source: Kleven, Landais and Saez (2013) Source: Kleven, Landais and Saez (2013) Empirical Incidence Studies Average Tax Rate, Total Taxes, by Broad Income, Canada, 1990 to 2005 Figure 14.12 14-12 Empirical Incidence Studies Decile Cut-offs, 1990 and 2005 (in constant 2010 dollars) Table 14.3 14-13 Empirical Incidence Studies Average Tax Rate, by Revenue Source, Broad Income, Standard Case, Canada, 2005 Figure 14.13 14-14 Empirical Incidence Studies Average Tax Rate, by Revenue Source, Broad Income, Standard Case, Canada, 2005 Figure 14.14 14-15 Chapter 14 Summary • Statutory incidence refers to the legal liability for a tax, while economic incidence shows the actual sacrifice of income due to the tax. • Economic incidence is determined by the way price changes when a tax is imposed; the incidence of a tax ultimately falls on individuals via both their sources and uses of income. • In partial equilibrium competitive models, tax incidence depends on the elasticities of supply and demand. • Due to capitalization, the burden of taxes may be borne by current owners of an inelastically supplied durable commodity, such as land. 14-16 Chapter 14 Summary (cont) • Applied incidence studies indicate the Canadian system is progressive up to the middle of the income distribution, then modestly regressive thereafter. 14-17 ECON 3C03 Public Sector Economics: Taxation Adam M. Lavecchia Department of Economics McMaster University February 2021 TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION Chapter 14 ©2016 by McGraw-Hill Education Limited. Outline for Lecture • Measuring the progressivity of the tax system • Tax Incidence • • • • • Statutory versus economic incidence of a tax Tax incidence in competitive markets Tax incidence in imperfectly competitive markets Tax incidence and capitalization Tax incidence in general equilibrium • Empirical Incidence Studies Background reading material: RWS Chapter 14 (ignore pages 294-298) Tax Incidence Who pays taxes? Now that we know how to measure the progressivity of the tax system we can start thinking who actually pays taxes in Canada (or any other country for that matter). It turns out that this is a complicated question to answer. Consider the following example from the textbook. Suppose that the price of a wine bottle is $10. The government imposes a tax of $1 per bottle sold. The tax is collected by firms as the government requires that stores must pay $1 to the government for each bottle sold. Who pays this tax? Three (out of many) possible scenarios. • • • The price of a wine bottle rises to $11 The price of a wine bottle stays at $10 The price of a wine bottle rises to $10.30 LO1 Tax Incidence Vocabulary • Statutory Incidence: the party that is legally responsible for paying the tax (firms in our wine bottle example) • Economic Incidence: who actually pays for the tax, as measured by the change in the distribution of private real after-tax incomes. • Tax Shifting: the transfer of the burden of paying the tax from those that are legally liable for it to others due to equilibrium price changes • Forward shifting: the transfer of a tax burden from sellers who are legally liable to buyers through higher prices of the taxed good • Backward shifting: the transfer of a tax burden from buyers who are legally liable to sellers through lower prices of the taxed good 14-6 Tax Incidence Vocabulary • Unit tax: a tax that is a fixed dollar amount per each unit of the good bought/sold ! =#+% • Ad-valorem tax: a tax that is a fixed percentage of the price of a good ! = # + &# = #×(1 + &) Tax Incidence: General Remarks • Only people can bear taxes • Businesses (whatever their legal form) do not pay taxes. It is the owners of the business (shareholders, partners) that pay the tax • Taxes and the functional distribution of income • Studies the impact of taxes on how income is distributed across different factors of production (i.e. owners of capital, labourers, landlords) • This analysis answers the question: does a particular tax affect owners of capital more than labourers? • Taxes and the size distribution of income • Studies the impact of taxes on how income is distributed among people (i.e. those in the top 1%,, bottom 20% etc…) 14-8 Tax Incidence: General Remarks • Both sources and uses of income should be considered • Consider the wine example from a few slides ago • Suppose wine is disproportionately consumed by the poor but that the vineyards are owned by the rich • Ignoring the effects of taxes on the sources side when considering a commodity tax can be misleading (same applies if ignoring the effects on the uses side when considering a tax on an input) • Incidence depends on how prices are determined • Tax incidence depends on how taxes affect market prices • How prices are determined in perfect competition is very different from how prices are determined in a monopoly or oligopoly • We will study both 14-9 ECON 3C03 Public Sector Economics: Taxation Adam M. Lavecchia Department of Economics McMaster University February 2021 TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION Chapter 14 ©2016 by McGraw-Hill Education Limited. Outline for Lecture • Measuring the progressivity of the tax system • Tax Incidence • • • • • Statutory versus economic incidence of a tax Tax incidence in competitive markets Tax incidence in imperfectly competitive markets Tax incidence and capitalization Tax incidence in general equilibrium • Empirical Incidence Studies Reading material: RWS Chapter 14 (ignore pages 294-298) Tax Incidence Partial Equilibrium Models • Models that look only at the market in which the tax is imposed and ignore the ramifications in other markets 14-5 Price per litre of wine Unit Taxes on Commodities Price and Quantity Before Taxation a Pa Sw u b P0 m Pc u n Dw Figure 14.1 Qa Q0 Qc Litres of wine per year 14-6 Unit Taxes on Commodities LO4 Price per litre of wine Incidence of a Unit Tax Imposed on the Demand Side Sw Pg P0 Pn u D’ Figure 14.2 Q1 Q0 Dw w Litres of wine per year 14-7 Unit Taxes on Commodities LO4 Price per litre of wine Incidence of a Unit Tax Imposed on the Demand Side Tax Revenue = kfhn Price paid by consumers Original price Price received by producers Pg P0 Pn k f m n Sw Tax wedge = fh g h u D’ Figure 14.2 Q1 Q0 Dw w Litres of wine per year 14-8 Important Results/Concepts Unit Taxes on Commodities • Economic incidence does not depend on whether it is levied on consumers or producers • This is called the irrelevance of statutory incidence result in public economics • Economic incidence depends on elasticities of supply and demand • Elasticity of demand: !” = − • Elasticity of supply: !0 = % &'()*+ ,) ” % &'()*+ ,) – % &'()*+ ,) 0 % &'()*+ ,) – = =− .” .- × ” .0 × .0 14-9 Unit Taxes on Commodities LO4 Price per litre of wine Incidence of a Unit Tax Imposed on the Supply Side Price paid by consumers Original price Price received by producers S’ j P’ u w Sw Pi gP 0 P’ n Dw Figure 14.3 Q’1 Q0 Q1 Litres of wine per year 14-10 Unit Taxes on Commodities LO4 Price per litre of X Tax Incidence when Supply is Perfectly Inelastic SX Pg=P0 u Price received by suppliers falls by the full amount of the tax Pn Dx D’x Figure 14.4 X per year 14-11 Unit Taxes on Commodities LO4 Price per litre of Z Tax Incidence when Supply is Perfectly Elastic Pg Price paid by consumers increases by the full amount of the tax u Pn=P0 Sz Dz D’z Figure 14.5 Z1 Z0 Z per year 14-12 Formula for the effect of a unit tax on the market price paid by buyers !ℎ#$%& ‘$ ( ∆( &, = = !ℎ#$%& ‘$ ) ∆) &, + &. The buyer bears a greater burden if the seller is more elastic than the buyer ECON 3C03 Public Sector Economics: Taxation Adam M. Lavecchia Department of Economics McMaster University February 2021 TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION Chapter 14 ©2016 by McGraw-Hill Education Limited. Outline for Lecture • Measuring the progressivity of the tax system • Tax Incidence • • • • • Statutory versus economic incidence of a tax Tax incidence in competitive markets Tax incidence in imperfectly competitive markets Tax incidence and capitalization Tax incidence in general equilibrium • Empirical Incidence Studies Reading material: RWS Chapter 14 (ignore pages 294-298) Tax Incidence Price per unit of clothing Ad Valorem Taxes Ad-valorem taxes shift the perceived demand curve down by the same proportion at all points. In this example, the tax levied on buyers shifts perceived demand down by 25%. Sc r Pr s P0 m Pm n Dc Qr Q0 Qm Units of clothing Figure 14.6 14-5 LO4 Ad Valorem Taxes Price per unit of clothing Incidence of an Ad Valorem Tax S’c Sc Pg P0 Pn Q1 Q0 Dc D’c Units of clothing Figure 14.7 14-6 Can we tell from this pay stub how much tax Joseph Mayer paid? Taxes on Factors of Production • The payroll tax • Tax on labor used to finance the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) • In 2019, workers pay a CPP payroll tax of 5.1% of their earnings between $3,500-$57,400 • Employers pay the same 5.1% rate for each worker • The reason why employers and workers pay the same rate is because politicians have long felt that the payroll tax burden should be shared between firms and workers. • What does our analysis of tax incidence tell us about who “pays for” the CPP payroll tax? 14-8 LO4 Wage rate per hour The Payroll Tax SL Pr wg = w0 wn DL DL’ Figure 14.8 L0 = L1 Hours per year 14-9 ECON 3C03 Public Sector Economics: Taxation Adam M. Lavecchia Department of Economics McMaster University February 2021 TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION Chapter 14 ©2016 by McGraw-Hill Education Limited. Outline for Lecture • Measuring the progressivity of the tax system • Tax Incidence • • • • • Statutory versus economic incidence of a tax Tax incidence in competitive markets Tax incidence in imperfectly competitive markets Tax incidence and capitalization Tax incidence in general equilibrium • Empirical Incidence Studies Reading material: RWS Chapter 14 (ignore pages 294-298) Commodity Taxation with Imperfect Competition • Monopoly • Despite market power a monopolist is generally made worse off • • • • Quantity demanded goes down Price paid by consumers goes up Price received by the monopolist goes down Profits go down • Oligopoly • Can result in higher or lower profits 14-4 Equilibrium of a Monopolist $ Economic Profits MXX P0 ATC0 c d a ATCX b DX MRX Figure 14.9 X0 X per year 14-5 Imposition of a Unit Tax on a Monopolist $ Economic Profits MXX c P0 Economic Pn i Profits dh after unit tax ATC0 a f g ATCX b DX MRX X1 X0 MRX’ DX’ X per year Figure 14.10 14-6 Taxes on Profits LO5 • Economic profit: the return to the owners of a firm in excess of the opportunity costs of the factors used in production (also called supranormal or excess profits) • Perfect competition • Short run: a tax on profits doesn’t change MR or MC so output and prices paid by consumers doesn’t change. Owners of the firm bear the full burden of the tax • Long run: economic profit is zero so a profit tax yields 0 revenue • Monopoly • The monopolist bears the whole tax. The intuition is similar to the one for profit taxes in a perfectly competitive market in the short run 14-7 ECON 3C03 Public Sector Economics: Taxation Adam M. Lavecchia Department of Economics McMaster University February 2021 TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION Chapter 14 ©2016 by McGraw-Hill Education Limited. Outline for Lecture • Measuring the progressivity of the tax system • Tax Incidence • • • • • Statutory versus economic incidence of a tax Tax incidence in competitive markets Tax incidence in imperfectly competitive markets Tax incidence and capitalization Tax incidence in general equilibrium • Empirical Incidence Studies Background reading material: RWS Chapter 14 (ignore pages 294-298) Taxes on Land • Let’s look at a tax on land. Suppose Rt is the annual rental income on land in year t and that the market for land is competitive • Also assume that the land will be economically useful for T years • Question: What price should buyers be willing to pay for the land? 14-4 Taxes on Land • Question: What price should buyers be willing to pay for the land? $%( $%+ $%/ !” = $%& + + + ⋯+ + 1 + * (1 + *) (1 + *)/ PR is the present value of the income the owner of the land will receive. 14-5 Taxes on Land Now suppose that the government announces a tax will be imposed on land. The tax payment is u0 in year 0, u1 in year 1 and so on… Question: what will the new price of land be? 14-6 Taxes on Land Now suppose that the government announces a tax will be imposed on land. The tax payment is u0 in year 0, u1 in year 1 and so on… Question: what will the new price of land be? !”# $(‘- − *-) $(‘0 − *0) $(‘2 −* 2 ) = $(‘( − *() + + + ⋯+ 0 1+/ (1 + /) (1 + /)2 14-7 Tax Incidence and Capitalization After the introduction of the tax, the price of land falls by !” − !”$ = $'( + $*+ ,-. + $*/ (,-.)/ + ⋯+ $*3 (,-.)3 We say that the present value of the tax liability is capitalized into the price of the asset Capitalization: a stream of tax liabilities becomes incorporated into the price of an asset 14-8 ECON 3C03 Public Sector Economics: Taxation Adam M. Lavecchia Department of Economics McMaster University February 2021 TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION Chapter 14 ©2016 by McGraw-Hill Education Limited. Outline for Lecture • Measuring the progressivity of the tax system • Tax Incidence • • • • • Statutory versus economic incidence of a tax Tax incidence in competitive markets Tax incidence in imperfectly competitive markets Tax incidence and capitalization Tax incidence in general equilibrium • Empirical Incidence Studies Background reading material: RWS Chapter 14 (ignore pages 294-298) General Equilibrium Models • Up to now, we have only been studying the incidence of taxes in partial equilibrium models • Ignoring the feedback of taxes into other markets leads to an incomplete picture of how taxes affect incomes • Example: suppose a tax is levied on all capital used in the construction of housing • Partial equilibrium: the burden of the tax is borne by suppliers and demanders of housing capital. The most elastic party bears the smallest burden • General equilibrium: if the tax lowers the return (i.e. incomes) of suppliers of housing capital, they may choose instead to invest their funds in another sector (e.g. manufacturing, natural resources). But this movement of capital will affect prices in those other sectors. As a result, we will need to measure how prices and the incomes of all other sectors change. General Equilibrium Models • There is very little good empirical evidence on the incidence of taxes in general equilibrium. Why? • Because tracing out the effects of taxes in all markets depends on assumptions about • Consumer preferences (and how they vary across people) • How mobile/fixed factors of production are (short vs. long run answers differ) • Market structure (perfect competition versus imperfect competition) • Production technology • Whether the model allows new goods/services to enter a market ECON 3C03 Public Sector Economics: Taxation Adam M. Lavecchia Department of Economics McMaster University February 2021 TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION Chapter 14 ©2016 by McGraw-Hill Education Limited. Outline for Lecture • Measuring the progressivity of the tax system • Tax Incidence • • • • • Statutory versus economic incidence of a tax Tax incidence in competitive markets Tax incidence in imperfectly competitive markets Tax incidence and capitalization Tax incidence in general equilibrium • Empirical Incidence Studies Background reading material: RWS Chapter 14 (ignore pages 294-298) Tax Incidence Who pays taxes? Now that we know how to measure the progressivity of the tax system we can start thinking who actually pays taxes in Canada (or any other country for that matter). It turns out that this is a complicated question to answer. Consider the following example from the textbook. Suppose that the price of a wine bottle is $10. The government imposes a tax of $1 per bottle sold. The tax is collected by firms as the government requires that stores must pay $1 to the government for each bottle sold. Who pays this tax? Three (out of many) possible scenarios. • • • The price of a wine bottle rises to $11 The price of a wine bottle stays at $10 The price of a wine bottle rises to $10.30 LO1 Tax Incidence Vocabulary • Statutory Incidence: the party that is legally responsible for paying the tax (firms in our wine bottle example) • Economic Incidence: who actually pays for the tax, as measured by the change in the distribution of private real after-tax incomes. • Tax Shifting: the transfer of the burden of paying the tax from those that are legally liable for it to others due to equilibrium price changes • Forward shifting: the transfer of a tax burden from sellers who are legally liable to buyers through higher prices of the taxed good • Backward shifting: the transfer of a tax burden from buyers who are legally liable to sellers through lower prices of the taxed good 14-6 Tax Incidence Vocabulary • Unit tax: a tax that is a fixed dollar amount per each unit of the good bought/sold ! =#+% • Ad-valorem tax: a tax that is a fixed percentage of the price of a good ! = # + &# = #×(1 + &) Tax Incidence: General Remarks • Only people can bear taxes • Businesses (whatever their legal form) do not pay taxes. It is the owners of the business (shareholders, partners) that pay the tax • Taxes and the functional distribution of income • Studies the impact of taxes on how income is distributed across different factors of production (i.e. owners of capital, labourers, landlords) • This analysis answers the question: does a particular tax affect owners of capital more than labourers? • Taxes and the size dis.

The Concept of Rational Choice & Price Control and Their Impacts

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Description

Portion 1: Minimum 350 Words (The Concept of Rational Choice

  • Give an example illustrating how a firm acting out of self-interest to maximize its profits by offering goods or services in economic markets benefits consumers – even if it does not care about them. In other words, how does self-interest help achieve society’s economic goals?
  • Give an example illustrating how a firm acting out of self-interest can have deleterious effects on consumers. Why might consumers allow firms to behave in this way? Are there ways in which a firm acting out of self-interest might be harmful to society?
  • What is the relationship between self-interest and social interest in the economic decision (economic choice) process? Is there a conflict between the two in the economic world?
  • Do people always make rational decisions? What are the factors that lead to bounded rationality? What are the factors that lead to irrational economic decisions?

Portion 2: Minimum 350 Words (Price Control and their Impacts

  • What would happen to the supply and demand of Super Bowl tickets if the government mandated that no more than $20 a ticket could be charged?
  • What would happen to supply and demand if a law passed dictating that kindergarten teachers could make no less than $100,000 per year?

The concept of rational choice is a frontier of economic theory. A fundamental assumption for economic analysis is that economic agents, a household, and a firm, tend to make the best choices from among viable alternatives, given the available resources at their disposal (money, time, etc.) and information. The rational economic choice implies that people are driven by the rational pursuit of self-interest, and engaged in economic decisions to maximize this rational selfinterest. Self-interest is an individual’s economic decisions that are made to fulfill the individual’s best interests. On the other hand, social interest indicates choices that are made to benefit society as a whole. Economists argue that social interest can be attained by individual decision makers acting in their own self-interest. This process is what Adam Smith called the invisible hand, which is the foundation of the theory of the market economy. • Give an example illustrating how a firm acting out of self-interest to maximize its profits by offering goods or services in economic markets benefits consumers – even if it does not care about them. In other words, how does self-interest help achieve society’s economic goals? • Give an example illustrating how a firm acting out of self-interest can have deleterious effects on consumers. Why might consumers allow firms to behave in this way? Are there ways in which a firm acting out of self-interest might be harmful to society? • What is the relationship between self-interest and social interest in the economic decision (economic choice) process? Is there a conflict between the two in the economic world? • Do people always make rational decisions? What are the factors that lead to bounded rationality? What are the factors that lead to irrational economic decisions? *****350 WORD MINIMUM***** *****PLEASE LIST REFERENCES***** Price Controls and Their Impacts One of the major types of government intervention in markets is price controls. The government intervenes to regulate prices by imposing price controls, which are legal restrictions on how high or low a market price may go for certain products. Price ceiling is the maximum price sellers are allowed to charge for a good or service, whereas price floor is the minimum price buyers are required to pay for a good or service. These price controls may have adverse impacts on productive and allocative (marketing) efficiency. However, price controls are used despite their well-known problems. Based on the Reading in Chapter 3 on price ceiling and price floor, explain the impacts of the following price control measures. • What would happen to the supply and demand of Super Bowl tickets if the government mandated that no more than $20 a ticket could be charged? • What would happen to supply and demand if a law passed dictating that kindergarten teachers could make no less than $100,000 per year? *****350 WORD MINIMUM***** *****PLEASE LIST REFERENCES*

Management Of Patients With Chest And Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders

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Case Study, Chapter 23, Management of Patients With Chest and Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders

1. Harry Smith, 70 years of age, is a male patient who is admitted to the medical-surgical unit with acute community-acquired pneumonia. He was diagnosed with paraseptal emphysema 3 years ago. The patient smoked cigarettes one pack per day for 55 years and quit 3 years ago. The patient has a history of hypertension, and diabetes controlled with oral diabetic agents. The patient presents with confusion as to time and place. The family stated that this is a new change for the patient. The admission vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 90/50 mm Hg, heart rate 101 bpm, respiratory rate 28 breaths/min, and temperature 101.5°F. The pulse oximeter on room air is 85%. The CBC is as follows: WBC 12,500, platelets 350,000, HCT 30%, and Hgb 10 g/dL. ABGs on room air are pH 7.30, PaO2 55, PaCO2 50, HCO3 25. Chest x-ray results reveal right lower lobe consolidation, presence of apical bullae, flattened diaphragm, and a small pleural effusion in the right lower lobe. Lung auscultation reveals severely diminished breath sounds in the right lower lobe and absence of breath sounds at the base. The breath sounds in the rest of the lungs are slightly decreased. The patient complains of fatigue and shortness of breath and cannot finish a short sentence before the respiratory rate increases above the baseline and his nail beds and lips turn a bluish tinge and the pulse oximetry decreases to 82%. The patient is diaphoretic and is using accessory muscles. The patient coughs weakly, but he does not raise any sputum. (Learning Objective 3)

nursing assessment findings

  1.  What nursing assessment findings support the diagnosis of pneumonia?
  2. What diagnostic findings support the diagnosis of pneumonia?
  3. What NANDA nursing diagnoses should the nurse formulate for the patient?
  4. What goals should the nurse develop for the patient?
  5. What overall interventions should the nurse provide?

2. Marie Perez, a 53-year-old patient, is day 1 after a gastric bypass. She complains of shortness of breath; her respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min, heart rate is 110 bpm, pulse oximetry 89% on room air, temperature is 100°F, and her blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. She complains of feeling anxious and having stabbing chest pain which gets worse with inspiration. She complains that she feels like she is going to pass out or possibly die.

(Learning Objective 7)

  1. What could possibly be going on with the patient and what measures should the nurse provide immediately?
  2. What risk factors does the patient have for a pulmonary embolus?
  3. What measures are appropriate to manage a pulmonary embolism?
  4. What measures are appropriate to help the patient in this case study prevent the reoccurrence of a pulmonary embolism?

the major purposes of doing a literature review

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Instructions:

  1. Implementing evidence into practice requires nurses to identify, critically appraise and synthesize research.  this may require a comprehensive literature review.  Please respond to the following questions:
    1. In your own words, discuss what “evidence” means to you.
    2. What are “journal articles” and “Peer Review”?
    3. In your own words, describe in detail what a literature review is and how it is useful when making clinical decisions?
    4. Discuss in detail the major purposes of doing a literature review.
    5. Discuss the various criteria that a good literature review will have.
    6. What does the acronym IMRaD stand for?
  1. Create an original posting with a minimum of 250-300 words.
  2. Back up your arguments with reliable evidence.